Mark Lepper from Stanford University developed principles to boost intrinsic motivation in learning, which are especially useful in gamification. These principles include control, challenge, curiosity, and contextualization.

• Control: Allow learners to control their learning activities, such as deciding when to start and stop.
• Challenge: Provide continuous challenges with goals of uncertain outcomes and timely feedback.
• Curiosity: Stimulate learners' curiosity by highlighting gaps in their knowledge. Use content that naturally interests them.
• Contextualization: Use realistic or fantasy contexts to show the practical use of learning.