The formation of AI mental models

Mental models for AI systems form through multiple influences that create both opportunities and challenges for designers. Unlike mental models for physical objects that develop through direct manipulation, AI mental models emerge largely from indirect sources.

Popular culture and media significantly shape expectations about AI capabilities. Science fiction portrays both utopian AI assistants and dystopian scenarios in which machines exceed human control. News coverage often amplifies breakthroughs while downplaying limitations, creating powerful but inaccurate expectations.

Users also build AI mental models through transfer from similar technologies. Someone familiar with search engines expects AI to retrieve information perfectly. Experiences with rule-based systems might lead users to assume AI never makes mistakes or follows consistent, programmed rules rather than learning from data. Social influences further shape mental models, as early adopters describe capabilities to others. Corporate marketing materials contribute by highlighting ideal scenarios while minimizing limitations. Even terminology like "artificial intelligence" versus "smart feature" triggers different expectations about system capabilities.